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RE: [ontac-forum] Ontology change 'on the fly' - doestheupperontology re

To: "ONTAC-WG General Discussion" <ontac-forum@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
From: "West, Matthew R SIPC-DFD/321" <matthew.west@xxxxxxxxx>
Date: Fri, 19 May 2006 19:31:13 +0100
Message-id: <A94B3B171A49A4448F0CEEB458AA661F032BBD9E@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
Dear Pat,
 
See below.
 
Regards
 
Matthew
-----Original Message-----
From: ontac-forum-bounces@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx [mailto:ontac-forum-bounces@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx]On Behalf Of Cassidy, Patrick J.
Sent: 19 May 2006 18:44
To: ONTAC-WG General Discussion
Subject: RE: [ontac-forum] Ontology change 'on the fly' - doestheupperontology realy matter?

Matthew,
    If mappings between independently developed upper ontologies could actually be discovered that gives the same accuracy as using a single upper ontology, that would be true.  My experience is that mapping between differently developed upper ontologies is extremely difficult to do with precision, and probably not possible to do accurately without developing a meta-upper ontology that breaks down the representations in the different upper ontologies to more fundamental concepts that can be recombined to give the original UO concepts   Even that process is likely to leave some residue of logical contradiction - not because logical contradiction is necessary to represent different concepts, but because it arises when no effort is made to coordinate ontology-building and therefore there are no constraints on the unprovable assumptions that are made about abstract things like mental entities.  While integration (barring contradictions)  via a meta-upper ontology  may be theoretically possible, I have not seen it done, and extrapolate from my own efforts that it would be so much more time-consuming than just learning a common UO that it is effectively a practical economic impossibility. 
 
MW: I agree it is hard, but it is possible. I agree that only having one ontology would make it cheaper to achieve interoperation, you might find that the ontology was not good for a lot of applications though. The only other problem is that it is not possible to get everyone to agree to one ontology, and it is also not possible to force them. 
 
Of course, if one can tolerate a lot of error, and only wants to do some very shallow reasoning that doesn't even require a description logic, approximate mappings may function just fine.  If anyone thinks that there is virtue in that, by all means do it that way.  I am concerned to get semantic interoperability that can take advantage of the much higher logical precision that computers can achieve than people can with their neural mental processes. 
 
But as I said, if that doesn't convince you, let us find out how close we can get by trying to build the common UO and seeing where the residual problems are   I doubt that any amount of discussion will answer the question.  I only comment here so that the assertions about the size, content, or utility of a useful common upper ontology do not pass as though they were accepted gospel. 
 
MW: Well there are a number of upper ontologies, so if that is what you want, I challenge you to pick one and use it. If you are not prepared to do so, why do you think anyone else would be prepared to use one that you approve of? Alternaively, you are quite at liberty to produce another UO, but please do not fool yourself into thinking that it is producing THE UO. 
 
Pat
 

Patrick Cassidy
MITRE Corporation
260 Industrial Way
Eatontown, NJ 07724
Mail Stop: MNJE
Phone: 732-578-6340
Cell: 908-565-4053
Fax: 732-578-6012
Email: pcassidy@xxxxxxxxx

 


From: ontac-forum-bounces@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx [mailto:ontac-forum-bounces@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx] On Behalf Of West, Matthew R SIPC-DFD/321
Sent: Friday, May 19, 2006 11:38 AM
To: ONTAC-WG General Discussion
Subject: RE: [ontac-forum] Ontology change 'on the fly' - does theupperontology realy matter?

Dear Pat,
 
I'm afraid this is not true:
 
> *** But, BUT, BUT!!!!! ***
> If any two ontology-driven systems want to work together, that upper ontology, WHATEVER IT IS, has to be the same.
 
If you don't have a common upper ontology you do need to have a mapping between the upper ontologies you do have. What is true that having a common upper ontology give efficiency benefits as the number of ontologies you are trying to integrate rises. At about 4 ontologies a common ontology (at all levels that are shared) pays off.
 
Regards
 
Matthew
-----Original Message-----
From: ontac-forum-bounces@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx [mailto:ontac-forum-bounces@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx]On Behalf Of Cassidy, Patrick J.
Sent: 19 May 2006 14:50
To: ONTAC-WG General Discussion
Subject: RE: [ontac-forum] Ontology change 'on the fly' - does the upperontology realy matter?

Re: the question - does the upper ontology matter much?
 
My recollection from talking to Doug Lenat is that when he says that the upper ontology is not the most important part -
he means that several different upper ontologies might serve equally well, and there is no requirement for one specific upper ontology.
 
*** But, BUT, BUT!!!!! ***
If any two ontology-driven systems want to work together, that upper ontology, WHATEVER IT IS, has to be the same.
 
I think Cathy's example of 'person' is a good illustration of why.  If a system decides to change its upper ontology on the fly, it should be prepared for serious chaos.
 
So let us not confuse the issue by failing to recognize the distinction between one group choosing an upper ontology (or no upper ontology) for its own isolated purposes, and multiple groups choosing an upper ontology for communication between semantic systems.  These are very different application scenarios, having different requirements.  The upper ontology has an additional function in providing the "common sense" implicit knowledge that people need to fall back on more general principles when the specialized knowledge and pre-existing experience are insufficient to solve a problem -- but the ONTACWG deliberations have not reached the implementation level where that function is of direct concern.
 
Since the ONTACWG is focused mainly on semantic interoperability, the questions of whether different upper ontologies can function together **in an interoperability scenario** should not be ignored or conflated with a system operating independently to solve some problem.
 
The AI community discovered a long time ago that most of the reasoning people do about practical problems depends heavily on specialized knowledge of the domain of interest.  That has been confirmed many times, and a recent example would be the Halo project.   But these domain-specific pilots invariably involve systems operating independently, not systems trying to **interoperate** semantically.  In our discussions I hope we can keep these very important distinctions right at the forefront, since if they are ignored it will lead to unnecessary confusion about the role of the upper ontology.
 
Pat
 

Patrick Cassidy
MITRE Corporation
260 Industrial Way
Eatontown, NJ 07724
Mail Stop: MNJE
Phone: 732-578-6340
Cell: 908-565-4053
Fax: 732-578-6012
Email: pcassidy@xxxxxxxxx

 


From: ontac-forum-bounces@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx [mailto:ontac-forum-bounces@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx] On Behalf Of Catherine Legg
Sent: Friday, May 19, 2006 2:44 AM
To: ontac-forum@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Subject: [ontac-forum] Ontology change 'on the fly'

First of all, apologies to all for the unfortunate header on my previous message – I’m a bit out of practice posting to lists like these, and I’m receiving this list in digest form (which actually I’m finding a bit confusing, I might change that).

 

Thanks, Chris, for the reminder about CL, with which I’m familiar. Following Leo – yes, what was concerning me was issues of inference engine design qua changeable arities. It just sounded to me like a recipe for chaos (just imagining the kind of backchaining that might result….!!!) The suggestion was made that Bundy was envisaging a system involving a metalevel of reasoning whereby changes to the formalism itself would be applied at that level following some independent set of heuristics. I wouldn’t want to rule that out in principle but would love to hear some actual details of rules which might be applied at that level.

 

There was a post by Barry Smith which I would’ve liked to read but it got scrubbed in my digest due (I think) to being in HTML – I don’t suppose it could be re-posted?

 

John I was interested to read your description of your evolution away from advocating axiom-rich ontologising towards recommending something much closer to Wordnet, indeed a system where (if I have it right) the only assertions in the ontology are purely definitional, concerning the meanings of terms, and no empirical claims are made. This sounds prima facie plausible. However, can a sharp distinction be made between these two categories of claim? I don’t think so. I think that is one of the lessons of Peirce’s pragmatism. Consider for instance, “Electrons have a negative charge”. This was an empirical claim at some early stage of atomic theory yet is now analytically true. “Cats have whiskers” – empirical or definitional?

 

Also, when you say that assertions in any upper ontology are “much less important” than assertions in lower-middle and domain ontologies I think that this statement equivocates dangerously on 2 different meanings of “Much less important”:

i) Much fewer ontologist working hours are spent on this part of the ontology (true)

ii)  Removing or changing these assertions breaks or changes less (false!!)

 

I can remember quite a few times when I was working at Cycorp that relatively minor changes made at the upper level had (rather fascinatingly) unintended consequences for folks working on specific projects. (To give just one example, ‘person’ (the legal – social entity) was separated out from ‘human being’ (the species) and various inferences which depended on those two concepts being munged together then broke….)

 

Cheers,

Cathy

 

 

 


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