John's outline is, I think, a good clear summary of the general goals
that I also believe this group can make progress toward. I would just
add one additional point: (01)
Since interoperability of different systems will hinge on the clear
specification of how their conceptual models are related, a registry
that will serve for our purposes should have built-in mechanisms for
specifying at some level of detail how different ontologies relate to
each other. At the lowest level, no analysis may have been made to
determine how one ontology relates to others in the registry, and it
will stand on its own in isolation. At another level, a domain
ontology may have been built explicitly to be defined by and to conform
to the theories in some upper ontology in the registry. There can be
partial alignment as well, and some method would be helpful to specify
in a usable way how the ontologies in the registry relate to each
other; two domain ontologies, for example, may be logically consistent
except with respect to some restricted uses in a particular context.
Dagobert Soergel has taken the initiative to begin organizing the
ONTACWG subgroup that will study what our requirements are for
registries, so that we can make recommendations to the groups that are
actually building registry systems. He will be sending a note to the
list soon.
The important distinction between the proposed Common Semantic Model
and a simple registry of ontologies is that to be a component of the
COSMO, the logical relations of a theory must be specified clearly, in
the manner John describes, or perhaps some other at least as precise,
to the others in the COSMO, so that the relations between concepts in
different theories, and particularly identity, will be recognizable and
usable for automated reasoning.
This does not preclude inclusion in our registry of Knowledge
Classification Systems that have not yet been related to others by such
logical specification. Such KCSs will serve as a knowledge resource
for extension of the COSMO, and if they can be related to other KCSs in
any way, may also help to improve both the breadth and accuracy of the
COSMO, but also searching capabilities for search tools that use these
classifications. (02)
Pat (03)
Patrick Cassidy
MITRE Corporation
260 Industrial Way
Eatontown, NJ 07724
Mail Stop: MNJE
Phone: 732-578-6340
Cell: 908-565-4053
Fax: 732-578-6012
Email: pcassidy@xxxxxxxxx (04)
-----Original Message-----
From: ontac-forum-bounces@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx
[mailto:ontac-forum-bounces@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx] On Behalf Of John F. Sowa
Sent: Tuesday, November 01, 2005 10:02 AM
To: ONTAC-WG General Discussion
Subject: Re: [ontac-forum] Surveyed Ontology "Library" Systems -- parts (05)
Nicolas, Pat, Barry, et al., (06)
This thread is getting into issues that are covered
by the proposal for a lattice of theories: (07)
1. All theories that anybody might propose about
any subject whatever would be registered in a
standard form in a metadata registry. Registering
something does *not* imply any official status
other than a commitment to save it in a convenient
place for other people to examine it, use it, and
comment on it. (08)
2. Some theories in the registry would be more general
and more widely reusable than others. Those are the
ones that would eventually become the core of many,
if not most practical ontologies. But there would be
no need for an a priori blessing or canonization of
any particular theory. Instead, the users would
"vote by their feet", so to speak, in deciding for
themselves which ones to choose for any particular
application. The various choices and patterns of
use and reuse would be added to the commentary in
the registry. (09)
3. In order to keep track of how theories are related
to one another it is essential to show how they
can be derived from or be converted into one another
by the AGM operators for belief revision: contraction,
expansion, and revision. (010)
4. The three AGM operators define a lattice, in which
the partial ordering defined by specialization and its
inverse, generalization: expansion adds axioms to a
theory to make it more specialized; contraction deletes
axioms from a theory to make it more generalized; and
revision does contraction followed by expansion in
order to move from one theory to another, which is a
sibling of a common parent. (011)
To use the example of part-whole relations, there are large
numbers of axioms for many different variations. See, for
example, the excellent book by Peter Simons called _Parts_,
which goes into great detail about many different axiomatizations
and their relationships to one another. Peter did not organize
the theories in a lattice, but it would be possible to do so. (012)
In summary, we could adopt the current work on metadata
registries as a means of registering theories and making them
available for further use, reuse, commentary, and analysis.
One important aspect of the analysis would be to demonstrate
how the various theories are related by the three AGM
operators (to which I suggest a fourth operator called
"analogy", which renames the predicates in a theory while
preserving the implicational structure). (013)
The result of the analysis would be a step-by-step
construction of a hierarchy of theories, ordered by
specialization/generalization. An important aspect of
the registry would be the ability to comment on the
theories to show which ones are more widely used or
more relevant to various kinds of applications. (014)
In short, analysis demonstrates the theoretical relationships
among the theories, and commentary demonstrates the practical
patterns of use and reuse for various applications. Both
are necessary for a growing and evolving system. (015)
John Sowa (016)
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